Юридическая элита Болгарии и Румынии: противодействие реформам и вызовы европейской интеграции
Научная статья
Для цитирования
Масловская Е. В. Юридическая элита Болгарии и Румынии: противодействие реформам и вызовы европейской интеграции // Власть и элиты. 2025. Том 12. № 4. С. 27-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2025.12.4.2 EDN: QFQRSX
Аннотация
В настоящей статье исследуются механизмы сопротивления юридической элиты судебным реформам в Болгарии и Румынии с начала 1990-х гг. Представлен анализ исторического контекста и развития судебных систем обеих стран в период транзита и после вступления в ЕС, выделены ключевые группы юридической элиты и их влияние на процесс реформирования. Акцент сделан на системном исследовании национального уровня в контексте стратегий и тактик представителей элитных групп внутри и вне судебной системы в ходе секторальных реформ, сопровождающих процесс европейской интеграции. Особое внимание уделяется роли председателей судов и судей высших инстанций, которые посредством институциональных ресурсов, контроля над кадровой политикой и формированием профессиональной культуры препятствовали проведению реформ, направленных на создание системы верховенства права. Анализируются основные стратегии противодействия, включающие использование бюрократических и нормативных барьеров, а также сохранение клиентелистских практик, обусловленных в том числе историческим наследием социалистического периода. Подчеркивается, что доминирование политического патронажа и сетей взаимных обязательств препятствовало формированию меритократических принципов рекрутинга, оценки и продвижения судей, что снижало эффективность нововведений и углубляло кризис легитимности судебной власти. Сделан вывод о том, что стратегии сопротивления юридической элиты представляли собой комплекс институциональных, культурных и политических практик, которые обуславливали инерцию судебных систем и значительно усложняли процесс имплементации европейских стандартов. Полученные результаты демонстрируют, что эффективность реформ зависит не только от внешнего давления, но и от трансформации внутренней кадровой политики и корпоративных норм в судебной системе. Судебные реформы в Болгарии и Румынии иллюстрируют наличие множественности модернизационных траекторий, зависящих от историкокультурного контекста, взаимодействия локальных и глобальных акторов, а также баланса сил внутри юридического поля. Статья вносит вклад в развитие теоретических представлений о процессах судебных реформ в постсоциалистических странах.
Ключевые слова:
множественные модерности, судебная реформа, юридическая элита, политика ЕС, Болгария, Румыния
Литература
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12. Börzel T.A., Risse T. Conceptualizing the domestic impact of Europe. The politics of Europeanization. Ed. by K. Featherstone, C.M. Radaelli. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. P. 57–80.
13. Coman R. ‘Quo vadis’ judicial reforms? The quest for judicial independence in Central and Eastern Europe. EuropeAsia Studies. 2014. Vol. 66. No. 6. P. 892–924. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2014.905385
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19. DiMaggio P.J., Powell W.W. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American sociological review. 1983. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 147–160.
20. Dimitrov G., Plachkova A. Bulgaria and Romania, twin Cinderellas in the European Union: How they contributed in a peculiar way to the change in EU policy for the promotion of democracy and the rule of law. European Politics and Society. 2021. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1729946
21. Elbasani A. (ed.). European integration and transformation in the Western Balkans. Europeanization or business as usual? Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. 232 p.
22. Finnemore M., Sikkink K. International norm dynamics and political change. International organization. 1998. Vol. 52. No. 4. P. 897–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
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24. Grabbe H. The EU’s transformative power: Europeanization through conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 231 p.
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26. Héritier A. Europeanization research East and West: A comparative assessment. The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. Ed. by F. Schimmelfennig, U. Sedelmeier. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2005. P. 199–209.
27. Hipper A. Beyond the rhetorics of compliance: Judicial reform in Romania. New York: Springer, 2015. 269 p.
28. Iancu B. Constitutionalism in perpetual transition: the case of Romania. The law/politics distinction in contemporary public law adjudication. Ed. by B. Iancu. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2009. P. 187–211.
29. Kalaidieva Z. The procuracy and its problems. East European Constitutional Review. 1999. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 79–85.
30. Kotkin S, Beissinger M. The historical legacies of communism: An empirical agenda. Historical legacies of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe. Ed. by M. Beissinger, S. Kotkin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. P. 1–27.
31. Magen A., Morlino L. (eds). International actors, democratization and the rule of law: Anchoring democracy? London: Routledge, 2009. 320 p.
32. March J.G., Olsen J.P. Rediscovering institutions: The organizational basis of politics. New York: Free Press, 1989. 227 p.
33. Marks G. Structural policy and multilevel governance in the EC. The state of the European Community. Vol. 2. The Maastricht debate and beyond. Ed. by A. Cafruny, G. Rosenthal. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993. P. 391–411.
34. Melone A. Creating parliamentary government: The transition to democracy in Bulgaria. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998. 350 p.
35. Melone A.P. The struggle for judicial independence and the transition toward democracy in Bulgaria. Communist and postcommunist studies. 1996. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 231–243.
36. Mendelski M. The EU’s pathological power: The failure of external rule of law promotion in South Eastern Europe. Southeastern Europe. 2015. Vol. 39. No. 3. P. 318–346. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03903003
37. Mendelski M. Where does the EU make a difference? Rule of law development in the Western Balkans and beyond. European integration and transformation in the Western Balkans. Europeanization or business as usual? Ed. by A. Elbasani. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. P. 101–118.
38. Mishkova D. Balkans / Southeastern Europe. European regions and boundaries: A conceptual history. Ed. by D. Mishkova, B. Trencsényi. New York: Berghahn Books, 2017. P. 143–165.
39. Parau C.E. Explaining governance of the judiciary in Central and Eastern Europe: External incentives, transnational elites and parliamentary inaction. EuropeAsia Studies. 2015. Vol. 67. No. 3. P. 409–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1016401
40. Pridham G. The effects of the European Union’s democratic conditionality: The case of Romania during accession. Journal of communist studies and transition politics. 2007. Vol. 23. No. 2. P. 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270701317505
41. Putnam R.D. The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The American prospect. 1993. Vol. 4. No. 13. P. 35–42.
42. Spendzharova A.B., Vachudova A.M. Catching up? Consolidating liberal democracy in Bulgaria and Romania after EU accession. West European politics. 2012. Vol. 35. No. 1. P. 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.631312
43. Schimmelfennig F., Sedelmeier U. Conceptualizing the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. Ed. by F. Schimmelfennig, U. Sedelmeier. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2005. P. 1–28.
44. Schönfelder B. Judicial independence in Bulgaria: A tale of splendour and misery. EuropeAsia studies. 2005. Vol. 57. No. 1. P. 61–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966813052000314110
45. Todorova V. The rule of law in Bulgaria: State of play and trends (after 2010). Southeastern Europe. 2020. Vol. 44. No. 2. P. 233–259.
46. Trochev A. How judges arrest and acquit: Soviet legacies in postcommunist criminal justice. Historical legacies of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe. Ed. by M. Beissinger, S. Kotkin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. P. 152–178.
47. Tsebelis G. Veto players: How political institutions work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. 320 p.
2. Блоккер П. Сталкиваясь с модернизацией: открытость и закрытость другой Европы / Пер. с англ. А. Маркова // Новое литературное обозрение. 2009. № 6 (100). С. 18–34. EDN: MTDUAF
3. Бурдье П. Социальное пространство: Поля и практики / Пер. с фр. Н.А. Шматко. СПб.: Алетейя, 2005. 576 с.
4. Масловская Е.В., Масловский М.В. Концепция юридического поля и современная социология права // Социология власти. 2015. № 2. С. 48–65. EDN: UAXOFR
5. Соломон П. Советская юстиция при Сталине / Пер. с англ. Л. Максименкова. М.: РОССПЭН, 2008. 464 с.
6. Arnason J.P. Alternating modernities: The case of Czechoslovakia. European journal of social theory. 2005. Vol. 8. No. 4. P. 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431005056422
7. Arnason J.P. Designs and destinies: Making sense of post-communism. Thesis Eleven. 2000. Vol. 63. No. 1. P. 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513600063000008
8. Bieber F., Ristić I. Constrained democracy: The consolidation of democracy in Yugoslav successor states. Southeastern Europe. 2012. Vol. 36. No. 3. P. 373–397. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03603005
9. Blokker P. Building democracy by legal means? The contestation of human rights and constitutionalism in East-Central Europe. Journal of Modern European History. 2020. Vol. 18. No. 3. P. 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1611894420925756
10. Blokker P. Populist counter-constitutionalism, conservatism and legal fundamentalism. European constitutional law review. 2019. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 519–543. https://doi.org/10.1017/S157401961900035X
11. Bobek M. Judex ex machina: institutional and mental transitions of Central and Eastern European judiciaries. Judicial reforms in Central and Eastern European countries. Ed. by R. Coman, J.-M. De Waele. Baden-Baden: Vanden Broele, 2007. P. 107–134.
12. Börzel T.A., Risse T. Conceptualizing the domestic impact of Europe. The politics of Europeanization. Ed. by K. Featherstone, C.M. Radaelli. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. P. 57–80.
13. Coman R. ‘Quo vadis’ judicial reforms? The quest for judicial independence in Central and Eastern Europe. EuropeAsia Studies. 2014. Vol. 66. No. 6. P. 892–924. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2014.905385
14. Dallara C. Democracy and judicial reforms in SouthEast Europe. New York; London: Springer, 2014. 124 p.
15. Dallara C., Piana D. Networking the rule of law. How change agents reshape the judicial governance in the EU. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015. 196 p.
16. Delpeuch T., Vassileva M. Judicial reforms as a political enterprise: American transfer entrepreneurs in post-communist Bulgaria. Public policy transfer: Microdynamics and macroeffects. Ed. by M. Hadjiisky, L.A. Pal, C. Walker. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2017. P. 29–50. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785368042
17. Delpeuch T., Vassileva M. Transfers and learning in the framework of Bulgarian legal reforms (1990–2013). Southeastern Europe. 2016. Vol. 40. No. 3. P. 317–345. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763332-04003002
18. Demsorean A., Parvulescu S., Vetrici-Soimu B. Romania: Vetoed reforms, skewed results. International actors, democratization and the rule of law: Anchoring democracy? Ed. by A. Magen, L. Morlino. London: Routledge, 2009. P. 87–119.
19. DiMaggio P.J., Powell W.W. The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American sociological review. 1983. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 147–160.
20. Dimitrov G., Plachkova A. Bulgaria and Romania, twin Cinderellas in the European Union: How they contributed in a peculiar way to the change in EU policy for the promotion of democracy and the rule of law. European Politics and Society. 2021. Vol. 22. No. 2. P. 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2020.1729946
21. Elbasani A. (ed.). European integration and transformation in the Western Balkans. Europeanization or business as usual? Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. 232 p.
22. Finnemore M., Sikkink K. International norm dynamics and political change. International organization. 1998. Vol. 52. No. 4. P. 897–917. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550789
23. Friedland R., Alford R. Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions. The New institutionalism in organizational analysis. Ed. by W.W. Powell, P.J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991. P. 232–263.
24. Grabbe H. The EU’s transformative power: Europeanization through conditionality in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 231 p.
25. Hammerslev O. The European Union and the United States in Eastern Europe: Two ways of exporting law, expertise and state power. Lawyers and the rule of law in an era of globalization. Ed. by Y. Dezalay, B.G. Garth. London: Routledge, 2011. P. 134–155.
26. Héritier A. Europeanization research East and West: A comparative assessment. The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. Ed. by F. Schimmelfennig, U. Sedelmeier. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2005. P. 199–209.
27. Hipper A. Beyond the rhetorics of compliance: Judicial reform in Romania. New York: Springer, 2015. 269 p.
28. Iancu B. Constitutionalism in perpetual transition: the case of Romania. The law/politics distinction in contemporary public law adjudication. Ed. by B. Iancu. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2009. P. 187–211.
29. Kalaidieva Z. The procuracy and its problems. East European Constitutional Review. 1999. Vol. 8. No. 1. P. 79–85.
30. Kotkin S, Beissinger M. The historical legacies of communism: An empirical agenda. Historical legacies of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe. Ed. by M. Beissinger, S. Kotkin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. P. 1–27.
31. Magen A., Morlino L. (eds). International actors, democratization and the rule of law: Anchoring democracy? London: Routledge, 2009. 320 p.
32. March J.G., Olsen J.P. Rediscovering institutions: The organizational basis of politics. New York: Free Press, 1989. 227 p.
33. Marks G. Structural policy and multilevel governance in the EC. The state of the European Community. Vol. 2. The Maastricht debate and beyond. Ed. by A. Cafruny, G. Rosenthal. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993. P. 391–411.
34. Melone A. Creating parliamentary government: The transition to democracy in Bulgaria. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998. 350 p.
35. Melone A.P. The struggle for judicial independence and the transition toward democracy in Bulgaria. Communist and postcommunist studies. 1996. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 231–243.
36. Mendelski M. The EU’s pathological power: The failure of external rule of law promotion in South Eastern Europe. Southeastern Europe. 2015. Vol. 39. No. 3. P. 318–346. https://doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03903003
37. Mendelski M. Where does the EU make a difference? Rule of law development in the Western Balkans and beyond. European integration and transformation in the Western Balkans. Europeanization or business as usual? Ed. by A. Elbasani. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. P. 101–118.
38. Mishkova D. Balkans / Southeastern Europe. European regions and boundaries: A conceptual history. Ed. by D. Mishkova, B. Trencsényi. New York: Berghahn Books, 2017. P. 143–165.
39. Parau C.E. Explaining governance of the judiciary in Central and Eastern Europe: External incentives, transnational elites and parliamentary inaction. EuropeAsia Studies. 2015. Vol. 67. No. 3. P. 409–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2015.1016401
40. Pridham G. The effects of the European Union’s democratic conditionality: The case of Romania during accession. Journal of communist studies and transition politics. 2007. Vol. 23. No. 2. P. 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523270701317505
41. Putnam R.D. The prosperous community: Social capital and public life. The American prospect. 1993. Vol. 4. No. 13. P. 35–42.
42. Spendzharova A.B., Vachudova A.M. Catching up? Consolidating liberal democracy in Bulgaria and Romania after EU accession. West European politics. 2012. Vol. 35. No. 1. P. 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.631312
43. Schimmelfennig F., Sedelmeier U. Conceptualizing the Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe. Ed. by F. Schimmelfennig, U. Sedelmeier. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 2005. P. 1–28.
44. Schönfelder B. Judicial independence in Bulgaria: A tale of splendour and misery. EuropeAsia studies. 2005. Vol. 57. No. 1. P. 61–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966813052000314110
45. Todorova V. The rule of law in Bulgaria: State of play and trends (after 2010). Southeastern Europe. 2020. Vol. 44. No. 2. P. 233–259.
46. Trochev A. How judges arrest and acquit: Soviet legacies in postcommunist criminal justice. Historical legacies of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe. Ed. by M. Beissinger, S. Kotkin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. P. 152–178.
47. Tsebelis G. Veto players: How political institutions work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. 320 p.
Статья
Поступила: 08.10.2025
Опубликована: 30.12.2025
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
ACM
[1]
Масловская, Е.В. 2025. Юридическая элита Болгарии и Румынии: противодействие реформам и вызовы европейской интеграции. Власть и элиты. 12, 4 (дек. 2025), 27-61. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2025.12.4.2.
Раздел
Политические элиты в сравнительной перспективе
