Business as a source of recruitment of the federal administrative and political elite of Russia
Research Article
How to Cite
Tev D.B. Business as a source of recruitment of the federal administrative and political elite of Russia. Vlast i Elity (Power and Elites). 2018. Vol. 5. No. 5. P. 54-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2018.5.3 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The article analyzes the role of business as a source of recruitment of the federal administrative and political elites of Russia. The empirical basis for the study is the database of the federal administrative elite, which includes 575 persons (the president, key figures in his administration, federal executive bodies and the government apparatus), and the database of the deputies of the State Duma of the sixth convocation (532 persons in total). People from business (persons who had post-Soviet experience in key positions in commercial structures) are significantly represented among federal politicians and administrators. Plutocratic recruitment is most characteristic of the political elite, which is more closely integrated with the economically dominant class than the legislative elites of most European countries. In turn, the administrative elite is more professionalized, more isolated and autonomous from business in terms of sources of recruitment; its plutocratization has a lower level and a more indirect character. In general, natives of business have much broader and direct access to a secondary and less influencing to state policy parliamentary elite than to the administrative elite, which concentrates the main power in its hands. At the same time, the differences between the intra-elite segments are significant: the level of plutocratization of the fractions of United Russia, Just Russia and the LDPR is higher than the CPRF, and the government is higher than the presidential administration. The study showed that only a small minority of federal politicians and administrators came out of the topmanagers of the largest companies and the richest businessmen of the country, that is, the economic elite of the all-Russian level. A significant presence in the political-administrative elite, above all, the deputy corps, people with the working experience in key positions in business, on the one hand, may be, in part, due to the “crony” character of Russian capitalism, in which political ties are the most important condition for the successful accumulation of capital. On the other hand, plutocratization of power groups can have a significant impact on the nature of their policies, making it preferable to take into account the interests of business to the detriment of the interests of other socioeconomic groups that are poorly represented in the elite.
Keywords:
federal administrative elite, federal political elite, business, recruitment, State Duma, government, presidential administration, plutocratization
References
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2. Voronkova O.A., Sidorova A.A., Kryshtanovskaja O.V. Rossijskij isteblishment: puti i metody obnovlenija [The Russian establishment: ways and methods of renewal]. Polis. Politicheskie issledovanija [Polis. Political Studies], 2011, 1, pp. 66–79. (In Russian)
3. Gaman-Golutvina O.V. Parlamentskii korpus sovremennoi Rossii [The parliamentary body of modern Russia], in: Politicheskii klass v sovremennom obshchestve [The political class in modern society]. Ed. by O.V. Gaman-Golutvina. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2012, pp. 113–142. (In Russian).
4. Zudin A. Gosudarstvo i biznes v Rossii: jevoljucija modeli vzaimootnoshenij [The state and business in Russia: the evolution of the relationship model], Neprikosnovennyj zapas [Reserve stock], 2006, 6 (50). URL: http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2006/50/zu18.html (available: 06.03.2014). (In Russian)
5. Korguniuk Iu.G. Finansirovanie partii v postsovetskoi Rossii: mezhdu biznesom i vlast’iu. [Financing of parties in post-Soviet Russia: between business and power]. Politiia [The Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia], 2010, 3–4 (58–59), pp. 87–120. (In Russian).
6. Kryshtanovskaja O.V. Transformacija biznes-jelity v Rossii: 1998–2002 [Transformation of business elite in Russia: 1998–2002], Sociologicheskie issledovanija [Sociological Studies], 2002, 8, pp. 17–49. (In Russian).
7. Parlamenty sub’ektov Rossijskoj Federacii [Parliaments of subjects of the Russian Federation]. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Парламенты_субъектов_Российской_Федерации (available: 11.09.2017). (In Russian).
8. Roldugin O. Kak i za skol’ko mozhno stat’ ministrom [How and for how much you can become a minister], Sobesednik. URL: http://www.compromat.ru/page_20692.htm (available: 09.12.2015). (In Russian).
9. Svodnyi finansovyi otchet politicheskoi partii. Vserossiiskaia politicheskaia partiia «Edinaia Rossiia» (Partiia «Edinaia Rossiia») za 2011 god [Consolidated financial report of a political party. All-Russian political party “United Russia” (The party “United Russia”) in 2011]. URL: http://cikrf.ru/politparty/finance/2011/edros.PDF (available: 05.05.2014). (In Russian)
10. Svodnyi finansovyi otchet politicheskoi partii. Politicheskaia partiia «Kommunisticheskaia partiia Rossiiskoi Federatsii» (KPRF) za 2011 god [Consolidated financial report of a political party. Political party “Communist Party of the Russian Federation” (KPRF) in 2011]. URL: http://cikrf.ru/politparty/finance/2011/kprf.PDF (available: 05.05.2014). (In Russian)
11. Svodnyi finansovyi otchet politicheskoi partii. Politicheskaia partiia «Liberal’no-demokraticheskaia partiia Rossii» (LDPR) za 2011 god [Consolidated financial report of a political party. Political Party “Liberal Democratic Party of Russia” (LDPR) in 2011]. URL: http://cikrf.ru/politparty/finance/2011/ldpr.PDF (available: 05.05.2014). (In Russian)
12. Svodnyi finansovyi otchet politicheskoi partii. Politicheskaia partiia Spravedlivaia Rossiia za 2011 god [Consolidated financial report of a political party. Political party A Just Russia in 2011]. URL: http://cikrf.ru/politparty/finance/2011/spravedros.PDF (available: 05.05.2014). (In Russian)
13. Skol’ko platjat deputatam v Evrope i v Rossii [How much do deputies pay in Europe and in Russia]. (2016) URL: http://ru.euronews.com/2016/04/12/whoare-the-best-paid-mps-in-the-eu (available: 17.12.2016).
14. Tev D.B. Gorodskie Dumy krupnejshih regional’nyh stolic: osnovnye harakteristiki i tendencii izmenenija bassejna rekrutirovanija deputatov [City councils of the largest regional capitals: the main characteristics and trends in the recruitment pool of deputies], POLITEX, 2013, 9 (3), pp. 74–90. (In Russian)
15. Tev D.B. Deputaty Gosudarstvennoj Dumy RF VI sozyva: social’noprofessional’nye istochniki rekrutirovanija [Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the VI convocation: social and professional sources of recruitment]. Jekonomicheskaja sociologija [Economic Sociology], 2017, 18 (5), pp. 52–86. URL: https://ecsoc.hse.ru/data/2017/11/30/1161626205/ecsoc_t18_n5.pdf#page=52 (available: 09.01.2018). (In Russian)
16. Tev D.B. Regional’nyj deputatskij korpus partij «vtorogo jeshelona»: sravnitel’nyj analiz bassejna rekrutirovanija parlamentariev KPRF, «Spravedlivoj Rossii» i LDPR [The regional deputy corps parties “second echelon”: A Comparative Analysis of the recruiting pool of parliamentarians of KPRF, A Just Russia and LDPR]. In: Vlastnye struktury i gruppy dominirovanija: Materialy desjatogo Vserossijskogo seminara «Sociologicheskie problemy institutov vlasti v uslovijah rossijskoj transformacii» [Power structures and groups of dominance: Proceedings of the Tenth All-Russian seminar “Sociological Problems of the power institutions in the conditions of Russia’s transformation]. Ed. by A.V. Duka. St. Petersburg: Intersocis, 2012, pp. 52–75. (In Russian)
17. Tev D.B. Federal’naja administrativnaja jelita Rossii: kar’ernye puti i kanaly rekrutirovanija. [Federal administrative elite of Russia: career paths and channels of recruitment], Polis. Politicheskie issledovanija [Polis. Political Studies], 2016a, 4, pp. 115–130. (In Russian)
18. Tev D.B. Jekonomicheskaja jelita RF: opyt raboty v politiko-administrativnoj sfere [Economic elite of Russian Federation: work experience in the politicaladministrative sphere], Politija [The Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia], 2016b, 2 (81), pp. 89–108. (In Russian)
19. Himshiashvili P. «Kabinet milliarderov»: kogo Tramp pozval rabotat’ v Belyj dom [“The Cabinet of Billionaires”: whom Trump called to work in the White House]. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/politics/07/01/2017/586fa22a9a794779a5a5 ec02 (available: 07.05.2018). (In Russian)
20. Shlejnov R. 13«Gazprom» v okruzhenii prijatelej i rodstvennikov prem’erministra Rossii [Gazprom, surrounded by friends and relatives of the Prime Minister of Russia], Novaja gazeta. 23.12.2009. URL: https://www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2009/12/23/39858–13 (available: 17.03.2018). (In Russian)
21. Shlejnov R. Kto i pochemu pozhertvoval «Edinoj Rossii» 6 mlrd. rub. [Who and why donate to “United Russia” 6 billion. Rub.], Vedomosti. URL: http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2010/12/20/dengi_partii (available: 20.12.2010). (In Russian)
22. Bermeo N. Ministerial Elites in Southern Europe: Continuities, Changes and Comparisons // Who Governs Southern Europe? Regime Change and Ministerial Recruitment, 1850–2000 / ed. by P. Tavares de Almeida, A.C. Pinto, N. Bermeo. L.: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003. Р. 191–212.
23. Best H. New Challenges, New Elites? Changes in the Recruitment and Career Patterns of European Representative Elites. Paper presented to the 20th IPSA World Congress, Fukuoka 9–13 July 2006. URL: http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_5306.pdf (дата обращения: 17.12.2010).
24. Best H., Cromwell V., Hausmann C., Rush M. The Transformation of Legislative Elites: The Cases of Britain and Germany since the 1860s // Journal of Legislative Studies. 2001. № 7 (3). Р. 65–91.
25. Calder K. Elites in an Equalizing Role: Ex-Bureaucrats as Coordinators and Intermediaries in the Japanese Government-Business Relationship // Comparative Politics. 1989. № 21 (4). Р. 379–403.
26. Carnes N. Does the Numerical Underrepresentation of the Working Class in Congress Matter? // Legislative Studies Quarterly. 2012. № 37 (1). Р. 5–34.
27. Chaisty P. The Impact of Party Primaries and the All-Russian Popular Front on the Composition of United Russia’s Majority in the Sixth Duma // Russian analytical digest. 2013а. № 127. Р. 8–12.
28. Chaisty P. The Preponderance and Effects of Sectoral Ties in the State Duma // Europe-Asia Studies.2013b. № 65 (4). Р. 717–736.
29. Domhoff W.G. Who Rules America? Power, Politics, and Social Change. Fifth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
30. Dye T.R., Pickering J.W. Governmental and Corporate Elites: Convergence and Differentiation // The Journal of Politics. 1974. № 36 (4). Р. 900–925.
31. Etzion D., Davis G.F. Revolving Doors? A Network Analysis of Corporate Officers and U.S. Government Officials // Journal of Management Inquiry. 2008. № 17 (3). Р. 157–161.
32. Faccio M. Politically Connected Firms // The American Economic Review. 2006. № 96 (1). Р. 369–386.
33. Freitag P.J. The Cabinet and Big Business: A Study of Interlocks // Social Problems. 1975. № 23 (2). Р. 137–152.
34. Gill G. Bourgeoisie, State, and Democracy: Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and the USA. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
35. Golosov G.V. Machine Politics: The Concept and Its Implications for PostSoviet Studies // Demokratizatsiya. The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization. 2013. № 21 (4). Р. 459–480.
36. Hartmann M. Elites and Power Structure // Handbook of European Societies. Social Transformations in the 21st Century / ed. by S. Immerfall, G. Therborn. Berlin; New York: Springer, 2010. Р. 291–323.
37. Huskey E. Elite recruitment and state-society relations in technocratic authoritarian regimes: The Russian case // Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 2010. № 43 (4). Р. 363–372.
38. Huskey E. Pantouflage à la russe: The Recruitment of Russian Political and Business Elites // Russian Politics from Lenin to Putin / ed. by S.P. Fortescue. L.: Palgrave Macmillan. 2010. Р. 185–204.
39. Hutcheson D.S. Party finance in Russia // East European Politics. 2012. № 28 (3). Р. 267–282.
40. Kerbo H.R., McKinstry J.A. Who Rules Japan? The Inner Circles of Economic and Political Power. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995.
41. Martin J.M. An Examination of Executive Branch Appointments in the Reagan Administration by Background and Gender // The Western Political Quarterly. 1994. № 44 (1). Р. 173–184.
42. Matthews D.R. Legislative Recruitment and Legislative Careers // Legislative Studies Quarterly. 1984. № 9 (4). Р. 547–585.
43. Miller M.C. The High Priests of American Politics: The Role of Lawyers in American Political Institutions. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995.
44. Norris P., Lovenduski J. Political Recruitment: Gender, race and class in the British parliament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
45. Our crony-capitalism index: Planet Plutocrat, The Economist, 13.03.2014. URL: http://www.economist.com/news/international/21599041-countrieswhere-politically-connected-businessmen-are-most-likely-prosper-planet (дата обращения: 15.05.2014).
46. Putnam R.D. The Comparative Study of Political Elites. Englewood Cliffs; New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1976.
47. Rouban L. The Senior Civil Service in France // Bureaucratic Elites in Western European States. A Comparative Analysis of Top Officials / ed. by E.C. Page, V. Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Р. 65–89.
48. Semenova E. Ministerial and Parliamentary Elites in an ExecutiveDominated System: Post-Soviet Russia 1991–2009 // Comparative Sociology. 2011. № 10 (6). Р. 908–927.
49. Semenova E., Edinger M., Best H. Patterns of parliamentary elite recruitment in Central and Eastern Europe: A comparative analysis // Parliamentary Elites in Central and Eastern Europe: Recruitment and Representation / ed. by E. Semenova, M. Edinger, H. Best. L.; N.Y.: Routledge, 2014. Р. 284–307.
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Citation Formats
Other cite formats:
ACM
[1]
Tev, D.B. 2018. Business as a source of recruitment of the federal administrative and political elite of Russia. Vlast i Elity (Power and Elites). 5, 5 (Sep. 2018), 54-86. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2018.5.3.
Section
Shaping of the National Elite
